MWD Science Articles

The following are articles that I have written on scientific topics, with an emphasis on Atomic Physics, Astronomy, and Engineering (these being the areas with which I am familiar and knowledgeable). I would like to note that science and engineering are often viewed by the general public as cold and dispassionate. They are not! While the results of science and engineering are often presented in a cold and dispassionate manner, the process is anything but. The process of science and engineering is very human, with its practitioners utilizing the imagination and creativity of an artist and the resulting foils and conflicts of any human endeavor. As such, I have tried in these articles to highlight the human side of science and engineering whenever possible.

The men and women of science and engineering are as passionate, and sometimes more passionate, as any other men and women. They are driven to understand the workings of nature and increase human knowledge of the universe. I personally believe that if you want to know what nature is made of, where it came from, how it works, and how it came to be, then you need to know and understand science and look to science for the answers to nature. But science cannot answer all the questions of the universe, as some questions are outside the scope of science. Questions such as the meaning of intelligent life and its purposes, its morality and ethics, the nature of mind versus the brain, and if God exists and, if so, the nature of God. These questions, and many others, are outside the scope of science. For these answers, you must look to philosophers, moralists and ethicists, and theologians. By combining science with these other arenas, you can hope to achieve a better understanding of the universe and our place in it. As such, I am reminded of the words of one of the greatest scientists in history and one of the greatest science popularizers of the last half of the 20th century.

"Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality."
- Carl Sagan

"Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind."
- Albert Einstein

I should point out that I am NOT a scientist nor Engineer, nor have I received any education or training in the sciences or engineering. These articles are the result of my readings on these subjects in the past decades. Many academics, scientists, and engineers would critique what I have written here as not accurate nor through. I freely acknowledge that these critiques are correct. It was not my intentions to be accurate or through, as I am not qualified to give an accurate nor through description. My intention was to be understandable to a layperson so that they can grasp the concepts. Academics, scientists, and engineers entire education and training are based on accuracy and thoroughness, and as such, they strive for this accuracy and thoroughness. I believe it is essential for all laypersons to grasp the concepts of science and engineering, so they make more informed decisions on those areas of human endeavors that deal with science, engineering, and technology. As such, I did not strive for accuracy and thoroughness, only understandability.

Science Subjects

On the Nature of Scientific Inquiry - June 2025 Update

This article is an outline of the nature of scientific inquiry. It does not delve into the details of science and utilizes no mathematics, but instead presents the basic concepts of scientific inquiry. This paper was written to provide the general public with the background of science so that when they encounter scientific issues, or public policy issues that utilize science, they will have a basis for interpreting the scientific information.

The Fundamentals of the Universe - April 2026 Update

"I cannot violate the laws of physics" is a famous saying of Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott in "Star Trek". And so, it is, you cannot violate the laws of physics, you cannot compensate for the laws of physics, and you cannot ignore the laws of physics. You must always cognizant of the Laws of Physics and obey them. And so, it is with all of The Fundamentals of the Universe. This article outlines the Fundamentals of the Universe in language that the layperson can understand.

The Four Forces of Nature - April 2026 Update

In my Science Article "The Fundamental Properties and Constants of the Universe" I explore the universal fundamentals of science. In this article I will briefly explore the four forces in the Universe known to science; Gravity, Electromagnetism, and the Strong and Weak Atomic forces and their interactions.

The Strangeness of Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics - April 2026

Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics are cornerstones of our modern technological world. Atomic Physics is crucial because it helps us understand the structure and behavior of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Quantum Mechanics is the foundation for all electrical and electronic devices used today. Without Quantum Mechanics, the technology we use could not function properly. Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics involve some very unintuitive and strange phenomena, which this article examines.

Physical Cosmology - June 2025

Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. Cosmological models must account for four Fundamentals of the Universe for the model to be considered a proper scientific theory:

What's So Special about Special Relativity - September 2018

Special Relativity has to do with Einstein's question, as a young man, of what the world would like to look like if you could run next to a beam of light. A question for which Physics had no answer. This article is about how Einstein discovered the answer to this question and the implications of his answer. It is presented without delving deeply into the science and without utilizing mathematics.

The Universality of Gravity - September 2018

This paper is an overview of the development of Gravitational Physics. It is done by focusing on ten scientists who were crucial in its development. Although thousands of scientists have contributed to the development of Gravitational Physics the ten scientists presented here have made such a significant impact as to change the course of Gravitational Physics. It is, therefore, a biographical history of Gravitational Physics. The scientific information is presented in general terms, and there is no mathematics.

The History of Atomic Physics - April 2026 Update

This article is an overview of the development of Atomic Physics. It is done by focusing on a bakers dozen scientists who were crucial in its development. Although thousands of scientists have contributed to the development of Atomic Physics the twelve scientists presented here have made such a significant impact as to change the course of Atomic Physics. It is, therefore, a biographical history of atomic physics. The scientific information is presented in general terms, and there is no mathematics.

The Arrow of Time - September 2018

The arrow of time refers to the question of what is the meaning of time, why and how time flows, and what is the physical nature of time? In the book "Now: The Physics of Time" by Ricard A. Muller this eminent physicist addresses these issues. This observation is based on his book and my own belief in the nature of time.

Chaos, Complexity, Network, and Dynamic Science - August 2022

This article is an examination of the issues and concerns of Chaos, Complexity, and Network Science, and their impacts on Science, Engineering, Computer Models and Societal decision making. What are Chaos, Complexity, and Network Science, and what does it have to do with the impacts previously mentioned - Directly Everything and Indirectly Everything! If you are going to utilize computer modeling in science and engineering to determine future possibilities or to decide or formulate a public policy based on computer modeling then you need to be aware of chaos, complexity, and network science. I will not delve into specific details of Chaos, Complexity, and Network Science, nor will I be utilizing any science or mathematics in discussing these issues and concerns.

Scientific Issues

The Big Questions - February 2019

In my humble opinion, there are three big questions, that are yet unanswered, that need to be resolved by physics in the near future. Without a resolution to these questions physics may be 'stuck' in a conundrum.This article examine these big questions.

What is Reality? - September 2019

It is not in a metaphysical sense that I ask this question, but in a physical sense of the nature of the Universe. The goal of physics is to answer the questions of what the reality of the Universe is. Today, we have three great unknowns about the reality of the Universe; Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the reality of Quantum space. This article examines these issues.

Mysteries of the Modern Universe - March 2025

An examination of some of the conundrums of modern physics and cosmology that need resolution for them to be coherent and unified. Most of these conundrums are of a small scale, but a few of these conundrums are large and strike at the heart of physics and cosmology. The resolution of these large-scale conundrums will significantly impact modern physics and cosmology and, thus, our understanding of the workings of the Universe.

The Copenhagen Interpretation - February 2022

This article is an examination of The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Physics and the issues regarding the current science of Quantum Theory. The most basic issue is what is the reality underlying the Quantum world, and how The Copenhagen Interpretation is ignoring this issue. This is a companion piece to my 'What is Reality?' article in that explains the importance of the problems of Quantum Mechanics.

Strings, Superstrings, and M-theory Oh My - November 2023

An examination of the issues of the realities of these theories of Particle Physics, as to date, there has been no scientific verification or any predictability in these theories.

The Problems with Modern Science - August 2024 Update

This article is an Outline on The The Problems with Science in the latter half of the 20th century and the 21st century. It is not about the science, but the way modern science is pursued. It does not delve into the details of science and utilizes no mathematics, but instead highlights the issues regarding Modern Science (post World War II) This paper was written to provide the general public with the background on these problems so that when they encounter public policy issues that utilize science they will have a basis for interpreting the scientific information.

Scientific Consensus and Settled Science - August 2020

The Proverb 'People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones' should always be remembered during any debate or discussion, especially in Science discussions. And scientific consensus and settled science can lead you astray, as it has been wrong in the past and will continue to be wrong as new knowledge is obtained. This article is a replacement of my original article "Glass Houses and Consensus in Science" that examines these issues.

Orthodoxy in Science - Jun 2023

Dissent and Disputation are common in science. When such dissents and disputations occur, it is acceptable to critique the science, but it is unacceptable to criticize the scientists. This tolerance for dissent and disputations, when based upon the scientific evidence (or that lack thereof), is healthy for the progress of science and for the betterment of humankind. This article examines a modern trend of Scientific Orthodoxy to criticize the scientists rather than critique the science.

Beware of Computer Modeling and Statistical Processing - July 2023

An examination of the general problems associated with Computer Modeling and Statistical Processing and why you need to be careful when utilizing Computer Models and Statistical Processes when making decisions.

Computer Modeling - September 2018

In this article I examine in more specificity the issues, concerns, and limitations when utilizing Computer Models in science and engineering. I do not delve into details of Computer Modeling, nor do I utilize any sciences or mathematics in examining the issues, concerns, and limitations of computer modeling. However, in this article I provide more information on computer modeling, with many examples and diagrams to assist the reader to better understand the complexities of Computer Modeling and Statistical Processing.

Engineering Failures - September 2018

In this article, I will discuss failures in engineering. As engineering failures become apparent and lead to dramatic consequences to the public, and politicians, often demand answers as to how they could have happened. As there are many scientific and technological reason for an engineering failure it can be difficult to discover and pinpoint the exact cause of the failure. This paper is not about specific reasons for an engineering failure. It is, instead, about the types of failures as it relates to the human endeavor of engineering. These types of failures can be categorized as resulting from 1) Failure of Knowledge, 2) Failure of Imagination, or 3) Failure of Management.

Science Perspectives

Is Artificial Intelligence Possible? - November 2019

Artificial Intelligence implies that no human intervention is required to produce human-like intelligent capabilities from Artificial Intelligence. It is this broad definition of Artificial Intelligence that I wish to examine in this article. This short article attempts to explore the boundaries of Artificial Intelligence and provide insights into the answers to this question. This will be done by providing several examples of the nuisances of the problems that highlight the issues of Artificial Intelligence.

Is Interstellar Travel Possible? - April 2026

We often look up at the night sky, convinced that in a universe this vast, someone must be looking back. We also wonder and hope that we can visit them or that they have visited us. But what if the laws of nature themselves prevent contact? From the absolute limit of the Speed of Light to Time Dilation, interstellar travel is impossible, which explains why we are truly alone in the universe and why we have not been visited by alien civilizations. The Cosmic Haystack Problem also explains why SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) has not succeeded in detecting signals from alien civilizations. From the tyranny of the Rocket Equation to the Lorentz factor, the impossibility of interstellar travel isn't about technology; it's about the fundamental structure of reality. The Fermi Paradox also explains why UFOs are likely not what you think they are and why the silence of the universe is actually a beautiful thing. My new science article, “Is Interstellar Travel Possible?”, examines the scientific issues of Interstellar travel.

Can We Go to Mars? - April 2026

With the success of the Artemis II mission, which flew around the moon and returned safely to Earth, hopes for a lunar outpost have risen. While this is indeed possible (with some scientific concerns), hopes for a manned Mars mission have also risen. However, a manned Mars mission is much more difficult, with several issues that could be stumbling blocks. My new science article, “Can We Go to Mars?”, outlines these stumbling blocks and their impacts on a manned Mars mission.

Naturalistic/Materialistic or Intelligent Design Evolution - November 2023

Does nature as a whole point to a reality beyond itself, or can nature be better understood as an autonomous, self-existent, and self-organizing system? Does the worldview of naturalism or materialism prevail (hereinafter referred to as Naturalistic/Materialistic evolution), or does something like theism or deism (hereinafter referred to as Intelligent Design evolution) better explain key scientific discoveries? For over a century, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been as unquestioned as Newton’s theory of gravity had been unquestioned. But Newton’s theory of gravity was eventually overturned by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. As science never stops asking questions, or at least it is not supposed to, many scientists are taking up the challenge of the origins and evolution of the Universe and Life that Naturalistic/Materialistic evolution cannot answer. This article is an examination of the scientific issues in regard to a Naturalistic/Materialistic evolution or an Intelligent Design evolution in the origin of the Universe and of Life.

Scientific Evidence for a Creator - February 2026

According to Dr. Stephen Meyer, Director of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture, he and many other evolutionary biologists believe that the modern Neo-Darwinism theory of evolution falls short on several fronts and fails to prove the overall theory. This article examines why he and others dispute Neo-Darwinism, as well as some of the misconceptions about what Intelligent Design is or isn’t.

Simple and Complex Life’s Creation - January 2026

A summary of the origins of simple and complex life, focusing on the scientific theories of Abiogenesis and the Cambrian Explosion, along with the unresolved fundamental questions related to these explanations.

UFO's, and Pseudoscience - October 2019

This article is about the beliefs that many people have about scientific curiosities but are not based on actual science. I am a skeptic on such matters, but I am willing to accept scientific evidence and change my opinions. However, as the absence of proof does not constitute proof of absence, and no scientific evidence constitutes no science. Until there is scientific evidence I will not believe that anything is scientific. Some of the more obvious of these claims are presented, and dissected, in this article. This is only a limited sample as there are so many examples that you need, and can obtain, many books that debunk these claims. My only objective with this article is for you to remain skeptical of these claims until scientific proof is obtained.

Climate Change - July 2023 Update

I believe in climate change. I believe the climate has changed in the past, the climate is currently changing, and the climate will change in the future. This is a meteorological and geological scientific fact. The question is whether human activity is causing the current climate change. This may be true, or may not be true, depending upon your interpretation of scientific facts and beliefs. If you had read my observation on the "On the Nature of Scientific Inquiry" you know that I have a scientific orientation to my thinking, and in this article, I apply that scientific thinking too many of the issues and concerns of climate change.

SETI and Vulcan - August 2019

Are we alone in the universe? Are there advanced civilizations that we can detect? How can we better the odds of making contact? These questions are both fundamental and universal, and examined in this article.

Science versus Religion - November 2023 Update

I am a firm believer that science is the best way of explaining the physical properties and physical laws of the universe. I also am a firm believer that God created our universe and established its physical properties and physical laws And I see no conflict between the views of Science and Religion. Science is the explanation of how God created the universe, and God is the explanation of why we have the physical properties and physical laws of the universe. Science cannot prove, or disprove, the existence of God, as God is outside the realm of science. This article examines the issue of science versus religion based on my beliefs.

What Sign are You? - November 2019

For millennia astrologers have been casting charts to determine the future of a person or events. This is often done by plotting the positions of the stars and planets relative to arbitrarily defined constellations at their birth or at the time of significant events in their life. It is claimed by astrologers that there is a force in the universe that acts upon a person and influences their life based on these positions. However, only "The Fundamental Properties and Constants of the Universe" are known to science, and there are only "The Four Forces of Nature" known to science. The forces in the Universe known to science are Gravity, Electromagnetism, and the Strong and Weak Atomic forces. Therefore, these are the only forces that can affect a person. But do these forces affect a person in an astrological manner, and if is this true then how can it work? This issue is examined in my new Science article "What Sign are You?".

Intelligent Life in the Universe

Evolution to Intelligent Life - October 2025 Update

An overview of the possibilities of The Rise of Intelligent Life, The Timeline for the evolution of Intelligent Life, and the possibility of our Communicating or Visiting with Intelligent Life.

Intelligent Life in the Universe - October 2025 Update

An examination of the possibility and probability of of the factors for Intelligent Life evolving on other planets. I would encourage you to read this article as this issue is not as simple as it appears at first glance.

The Fire of Mankind - December 2019

Fire is an unexpected and uncontrollable primal fear of all animal species. No species knew when or where a fire would occur, and when it occurred it was uncontrollable. The be afraid of fire, and to flee from fire, was necessary for survival. To this day this is true for all but one species- Hominoidae, and one genus - homo. This article examines fire in the importance of human evolution.

Science vs. Science Fiction - June 2025 Update

I will concede to no one my love of Science Fiction. Since I was a young boy, I have read and enjoyed Science Fiction stories, as well as viewed many Science Fiction movies and television shows. Indeed, much of my love of science has come from my love of Science Fiction. But science fiction is mostly based on scientific speculation, and little of it is based on actual science. This article examines the actual science and scientific speculation in science fiction by applying my scientific knowledge to science fiction.

Science Tidbits

Apocalypse - Or the Ways that Humanity Will Come to an End - November 2025 Update

First, the bad news. The Earth is coming to an end. But all things come to an end. Life is born then dies. And the Earth through solar evolution will come to an end. When the Sun exhausts its nuclear fuel, it will go nova and burn the Earth to a cinder. Geological ages come and go, and they change the nature of life on Earth. This is not the Apocalypse I wish to discuss in this article. Instead I will be discussing the Apocalypse of human civilization (hereinafter referred to as Apocalyptic). Some Apocalyptic events are likely, some are unlikely, and some may never occur (but still be possible). Some will occur within a near term time frame (within one hundred years), some will occur in a long-term time frame (one hundred to one thousand years), some may occur thousands of years from now, and some may never occur (but still be possible). How are we to judge the likelihood and time frames of Apocalyptic events. This article deals with these issues.

Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn - May 2019

Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn were philosophers of science. Philosophy of Science is a sub-field of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science. This discipline overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and truth. Popper and Kuhn were two 20th century Philosophers of Science who's ideas have generated much controversy and debate within the scientific community. This short article examines this subject.

Math (and statistical mathematics) is More than Numbers - October 2019

On the surface, math may seem like it's all about numbers and formulas. However, this versatile subject is about much more than just counting, adding, and subtracting. Discover why math is more than numbers and find out how it contributes to the development of valuable skills in problem solving, critical thinking, language, and more.

Mathematical Tools of Modern Science and Engineering - May 2023

Galileo was the first scientist of the modern scientific world, in that he applied Observation and Experimentation, along with Mathematical Equations, to describe his scientific hypothesis. Since then math has been integral to science, and Mathematical computations have become more complex and difficult to compute, and often fraught with error. In their attempts to perform these Mathematical computations scientists and engineers have invented tools to assist them in these Mathematical computations. The most significant of these Mathematical computational tools are Slide Rulers, Calculators, and Computers, which this article examines.

Other Science Articles

The 18 Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in Physics - February 2017

In 1900, the British physicist Lord Kelvin is said to have pronounced: "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." Within three decades, quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of relativity had revolutionized the field. Today, no physicist would dare assert that our physical knowledge of the universe is near completion. To the contrary, each new discovery seems to unlock a Pandora's box of even bigger, even deeper physics questions. These are the website Livescience picks for the most profound open questions of all.

The Real War on Science by John Tierney - Autumn 2016

According to Mr. Tierney The Left has done far more than the Right to set back progress. All who are interested in the integrity of Science should read and ponder this article.

Thoughts of Michael Crichton - June 2023

Michael Crichton was an American author and filmmaker with extensive scientific education and background who, before he died in 2008, gave some speeches which examined Consensus Science, Environmentalism, and Global Warming (before it became Climate Change). This webpage contains these speeches.

Further Readings

Below are the books I would recommend that you read for more background information on these subjects. They were chosen as they are a fairly easy read for the general public and have a minimum of mathematics.

For a brief introduction on these topics I would recommend the Oxford University Press series "A Very Short Introduction" on these subjects. In particular I would recommend the following books as a starting point for your discovery of science.:

Dr. Don Lincoln (born 1964) is an American physicist, author, host of the YouTube channel Fermilab, and science communicator. He conducts research in particle physics at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and is an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Notre Dame. He received a Ph.D. in experimental particle physics from Rice University in 1994. In 1995, he was a co-discoverer of the top quark. He has coauthored hundreds of research papers and, more recently, was a member of the team that discovered the Higgs boson in 2012.

Dr. Lincoln, in association with Fermilab, has created a series of short YouTube videos that delve into the subjects of Particle Physics, Relativity, and other topics in regards to modern physics. These videos are very informative and scientifically accurate and provide a better understanding of the topics covered in this article. While he does utilize some math in the videos the math utilized is very simple and not off-putting. If you are interested in these scientific topics and desire a better understanding of them, I would suggest that you take a look at these videos.

For those of you who are interested in Numbers - Not Mathematics, there is a highly informative YouTube channel "Numberphile". In a series of short videos, they present many interesting facts on numbers in an entertaining manner. I would suggest that you view some of these videos.

A Personal Note

The incandescent light bulb has often been described as a heat source that provides some light, given that a light bulb generates more heat than it does light. In today's public debates we often find the proponents of an issue providing a lot of heat and only a little light. These observations are meant to provide illumination (light) and not argumentation (heat). Opponents in today's society often utilize the dialog and debate methodology of Demonize, Denigrate, and Disparage their opponent when discussing issues, policies, and personages. To demonize, denigrate, or disparage the messenger to avoid consideration of the message is not acceptable if the message has supporting evidence. The only acceptable method of public discourse is disagreement - to be of different opinions. If you are in disagreement with someone you should be cognizant that people of good character can and often disagree with each other. The method of their disagreement is very important to achieve civil discourse. There are two ways you can disagree with someone; by criticizing their opinions or beliefs or critiquing their opinions or beliefs.

Most people, and most commentators have forgotten the difference between Criticism and Critique. This has led to the hyper-partisanship in today's society. In a civil society critiquing a viewpoint or policy position should be encouraged. This will often allow for a fuller consideration of the issues, and perhaps a better viewpoint or policy position without invoking hyper-partisanship. We can expect that partisanship will often occur, as people of good character can and often disagree with each other. Criticizing a viewpoint or policy position will often lead to hostility, rancor, and enmity, which results in the breakdown of civil discourse and hyper-partisanship. It is fine to criticize someone for their bad or destructive behavior, but it is best to critique them for their opinions or words. We would all do better if we remember to critique someone, rather than criticize someone. I would ask anyone who disagrees with what I have written here to please keep this disagreement civil. I am open to critique and will sometimes take criticism. I will always ignore demonization, denigration, and disparagement, or point out the vacuous nature or the character flaws of those that wish to silence the messenger rather than deal with the message. Please remember that if you disagree with the messenger it is not acceptable to kill the messenger. You may kill the messenger, but the message will remain. If you have any comments, concerns, critiques, or suggestions I can be reached at mwd@profitpages.com. I will review reasoned and intellectual correspondence, and it is possible that I can change my mind, or at least update the contents of these articles. This is why these articles are dated. Whenever I make a change to these articles they will be re-dated. So check back and see if any articles have been updated (or perhaps I shall add articles).

Disclaimer

Please note - many academics, scientists, and engineers would critique what I have written here as neither accurate nor thorough. I freely acknowledge that these critiques are correct. It was not my intention to be accurate or thorough, as I am not qualified to give an accurate or thorough description. My intention was to be understandable to a layperson so that they can grasp the concepts. Academics, scientists, and engineers? entire education and training is based on accuracy and thoroughness, and as such, they strive for this accuracy and thoroughness. I believe it is essential for all laypersons to grasp the concepts of this paper, so they can make more informed decisions on those areas of human endeavors that deal with this subject. As such, I did not strive for accuracy and thoroughness, only understandability.

Most academics, scientists, and engineers, when speaking or writing for the general public (and many science writers as well), strive to be understandable to the general public. However, they often fall short on understandability because of their commitment to accuracy and thoroughness, as well as some audience awareness factors. Their two biggest problems are accuracy and the audience's knowledge of the topic.

Accuracy is a problem because academics, scientists, engineers, and science writers are loath to be inaccurate. This is because they want the audience to obtain the correct information, and the possible negative repercussions amongst their colleagues and the scientific community at large if they are inaccurate. However, because modern science is complex, this accuracy can, and often, lead to confusion amongst the audience.

The audience?s knowledge of the topic is important as most modern science is complex, with its own words, terminology, and basic concepts the audience is unfamiliar with, or they misinterpret. The audience becomes confused (even while smiling and lauding the academics, scientists, engineers, or science writers), and the audience does not achieve understanding. Many times, academics, scientists, engineers, or science writers utilize the scientific disciplines' own words, terminology, and basic concepts without realizing that the audience may misinterpret or have no comprehension of these items.

It is for this reason that I place understandability as the highest priority in my writing, and I am willing to sacrifice accuracy and thoroughness to achieve understandability. There are many books, websites, and videos available that are more accurate and thorough. The subchapter on ?Further Readings? also contains books on various subjects that can provide more accurate and thorough information. I leave it to the reader to decide if they want more accurate or thorough information and to seek out these books, websites, and videos for this information.

© 2026 All rights reserved.
If you have any comments, concerns, critiques, or suggestions I can be reached at mwd@profitpages.com.
I will review reasoned and intellectual correspondence, and it is possible that I can change my mind,
or at least update the content of this article.

The Personal Website of Mark W. Dawson

Containing His Articles, Observations, Thoughts, Meanderings, and some would say Wisdom (and some would say not).

Science Articles

Science Subjects

On the Nature of Scientific Inquiry - June 2025 Update

The Fundamentals of the Universe - April 2026 Update

The Four Forces of Nature - April 2026 Update

The Strangeness of Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics - April 2026

Physical Cosmology - June 2025

What's So Special about Special Relativity - September 2018

The Universality of Gravity - September 2018

The History of Atomic Physics - April 2026 Update

The Arrow of Time - September 2018

Chaos, Complexity, Network, and Dynamic Science - August 2022

Scientific Issues

The Big Questions - February 2019

What is Reality? - September 2019

Mysteries of the Modern Universe - March 2025

The Copenhagen Interpretation - February 2022

Strings, Superstrings, and M-theory Oh My - November 2023

The Problems with Modern Science - August 2024 Update

Scientific Consensus and Settled Science - August 2020

Orthodoxy in Science - Jun 2023

Beware of Computer Modeling and Statistical Processing - July 2023

Computer Modeling - September 2018

Engineering Failures - September 2018

Science Perspectives

Is Artificial Intelligence Possible? - November 2019

Is Interstellar Travel Possible? - April 2026

Can We Go to Mars? - April 2026

Naturalistic/Materialistic or Intelligent Design Evolution - November 2023

Scientific Evidence for a Creator - February 2026

Simple and Complex Life’s Creation - January 2026

UFO's, and Pseudoscience - October 2019

Climate Change - July 2023 Update

SETI and Vulcan - August 2019

Science versus Religion - November 2023 Update

What Sign are You? - November 2019

Intelligent Life in the Universe

Evolution to Intelligent Life - October 2025 Update

Intelligent Life in the Universe - October 2025 Update

The Fire of Mankind - December 2019

Science vs. Science Fiction - June 2025 Update

Science Tidbits

Apocalypse - Or the Ways that Humanity Will Come to an End - November 2025 Update

Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn - May 2019

Math (and statistical mathematics) is More than Numbers - October 2019

Mathematical Tools of Modern Science and Engineering - May 2023

Other Science Articles

The 18 Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in Physics - February 2017

The Real War on Science by John Tierney - Autumn 2016

Thoughts of Michael Crichton - June 2023

Further Readings

A Personal Note

Disclaimer

Containing His Articles, Observations, Thoughts, Meanderings,
and some would say Wisdom (and some would say not).